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The OpenMPI programs may be executed only via the PBS Workload manager, by entering an appropriate queue. On the cluster, the **OpenMPI 1.8.6** is OpenMPI based MPI implementation.
qsub: waiting for job 15210.isrv5 to start
qsub: job 15210.isrv5 ready
Hello world! from rank 0 of 4 on host r1i0n17
Hello world! from rank 1 of 4 on host r1i0n5
Hello world! from rank 2 of 4 on host r1i0n6
Hello world! from rank 3 of 4 on host r1i0n7
Please be aware, that in this example, the directive **-pernode** is used to run only **one task per node**, which is normally an unwanted behaviour (unless you want to run hybrid code with just one MPI and 24 OpenMP tasks per node). In normal MPI programs **omit the -pernode directive** to run up to 24 MPI tasks per each node.
In this example, we allocate 4 nodes via the express queue interactively. We set up the openmpi environment and interactively run the helloworld_mpi.x program.
Note that the executable helloworld_mpi.x must be available within the same path on all nodes. This is automatically fulfilled on the /home and /scratch filesystem.
You need to preload the executable, if running on the local ramdisk /tmp filesystem
Hello world! from rank 0 of 4 on host r1i0n17
Hello world! from rank 1 of 4 on host r1i0n5
Hello world! from rank 2 of 4 on host r1i0n6
Hello world! from rank 3 of 4 on host r1i0n7
In this example, we assume the executable helloworld_mpi.x is present on compute node r1i0n17 on ramdisk. We call the mpiexec whith the **--preload-binary** argument (valid for openmpi). The mpiexec will copy the executable from r1i0n17 to the /tmp/pbs.15210.isrv5 directory on r1i0n5, r1i0n6 and r1i0n7 and execute the program.
MPI process mapping may be controlled by PBS parameters.
The mpiprocs and ompthreads parameters allow for selection of number of running MPI processes per node as well as number of OpenMP threads per MPI process.
Follow this example to run one MPI process per node, 24 threads per process.
```console
$ qsub -q qexp -l select=4:ncpus=24:mpiprocs=1:ompthreads=24 -I
$ ml OpenMPI
$ mpiexec --bind-to-none ./helloworld_mpi.x
In this example, we demonstrate recommended way to run an MPI application, using 1 MPI processes per node and 24 threads per socket, on 4 nodes.
Follow this example to run two MPI processes per node, 8 threads per process. Note the options to mpiexec.
```console
$ qsub -q qexp -l select=4:ncpus=24:mpiprocs=2:ompthreads=12 -I
$ ml OpenMPI
$ mpiexec -bysocket -bind-to-socket ./helloworld_mpi.x
In this example, we demonstrate recommended way to run an MPI application, using 2 MPI processes per node and 12 threads per socket, each process and its threads bound to a separate processor socket of the node, on 4 nodes
Follow this example to run 24 MPI processes per node, 1 thread per process. Note the options to mpiexec.
```console
$ qsub -q qexp -l select=4:ncpus=24:mpiprocs=24:ompthreads=1 -I
$ ml OpenMPI
$ mpiexec -bycore -bind-to-core ./helloworld_mpi.x
In this example, we demonstrate recommended way to run an MPI application, using 24 MPI processes per node, single threaded. Each process is bound to separate processor core, on 4 nodes.
In the previous two examples with one or two MPI processes per node, the operating system might still migrate OpenMP threads between cores. You might want to avoid this by setting these environment variable for GCC OpenMP:
```console
$ export KMP_AFFINITY=granularity=fine,compact,1,0
As of OpenMP 4.0 (supported by GCC 4.9 and later and Intel 14.0 and later) the following variables may be used for Intel or GCC:
```console
$ export OMP_PROC_BIND=true
$ export OMP_PLACES=cores
The mpiexec allows for precise selection of how the MPI processes will be mapped to the computational nodes and how these processes will bind to particular processor sockets and cores.
MPI process mapping may be specified by a hostfile or rankfile input to the mpiexec program. Altough all implementations of MPI provide means for process mapping and binding, following examples are valid for the openmpi only.
r1i0n17.smc.salomon.it4i.cz
r1i0n5.smc.salomon.it4i.cz
r1i0n6.smc.salomon.it4i.cz
r1i0n7.smc.salomon.it4i.cz
```console
$ mpiexec -hostfile hostfile ./helloworld_mpi.x
Hello world! from rank 0 of 4 on host r1i0n17
Hello world! from rank 1 of 4 on host r1i0n5
Hello world! from rank 2 of 4 on host r1i0n6
Hello world! from rank 3 of 4 on host r1i0n7
In this example, we see that ranks have been mapped on nodes according to the order in which nodes show in the hostfile
Exact control of MPI process placement and resource binding is provided by specifying a rankfile
Appropriate binding may boost performance of your application.
Example rankfile
rank 0=r1i0n7.smc.salomon.it4i.cz slot=1:0,1
rank 1=r1i0n6.smc.salomon.it4i.cz slot=0:*
rank 2=r1i0n5.smc.salomon.it4i.cz slot=1:1-2
rank 3=r1i0n17.smc.salomon slot=0:1,1:0-2
rank 4=r1i0n6.smc.salomon.it4i.cz slot=0:*,1:*
This rankfile assumes 5 ranks will be running on 4 nodes and provides exact mapping and binding of the processes to the processor sockets and cores
Explanation:
rank 0 will be bounded to r1i0n7, socket1 core0 and core1
rank 1 will be bounded to r1i0n6, socket0, all cores
rank 2 will be bounded to r1i0n5, socket1, core1 and core2
rank 3 will be bounded to r1i0n17, socket0 core1, socket1 core0, core1, core2
rank 4 will be bounded to r1i0n6, all cores on both sockets
$ mpiexec -n 5 -rf rankfile --report-bindings ./helloworld_mpi.x
[r1i0n17:11180] MCW rank 3 bound to socket 0[core 1] socket 1[core 0-2]: [. B . . . . . . . . . .][B B B . . . . . . . . .] (slot list 0:1,1:0-2)
[r1i0n7:09928] MCW rank 0 bound to socket 1[core 0-1]: [. . . . . . . . . . . .][B B . . . . . . . . . .] (slot list 1:0,1)
[r1i0n6:10395] MCW rank 1 bound to socket 0[core 0-7]: [B B B B B B B B B B B B][. . . . . . . . . . . .] (slot list 0:*)
[r1i0n5:10406] MCW rank 2 bound to socket 1[core 1-2]: [. . . . . . . . . . . .][. B B . . . . . . . . .] (slot list 1:1-2)
[r1i0n6:10406] MCW rank 4 bound to socket 0[core 0-7] socket 1[core 0-7]: [B B B B B B B B B B B B][B B B B B B B B B B B B] (slot list 0:*,1:*)
Hello world! from rank 3 of 5 on host r1i0n17
Hello world! from rank 1 of 5 on host r1i0n6
Hello world! from rank 0 of 5 on host r1i0n7
Hello world! from rank 4 of 5 on host r1i0n6
Hello world! from rank 2 of 5 on host r1i0n5
In this example we run 5 MPI processes (5 ranks) on four nodes. The rankfile defines how the processes will be mapped on the nodes, sockets and cores. The **--report-bindings** option was used to print out the actual process location and bindings. Note that ranks 1 and 4 run on the same node and their core binding overlaps.
It is users responsibility to provide correct number of ranks, sockets and cores.
In all cases, binding and threading may be verified by executing for example:
```console
$ mpiexec -bysocket -bind-to-socket --report-bindings echo
$ mpiexec -bysocket -bind-to-socket numactl --show
$ mpiexec -bysocket -bind-to-socket echo $OMP_NUM_THREADS
| --bind-to-none | --bind-to none |
| --bind-to-core | --bind-to core |
| --bind-to-socket | --bind-to socket |
| -bysocket | --map-by socket |
| -bycore | --map-by core |
| -pernode | --map-by ppr:1:node |