CImg.h

                                    "images(): Specified sub-list indices (%u->%u) are out of bounds.",
                                    cimglist_instance,
                                    pos0,pos1);
      CImgList<T> res(pos1 - pos0 + 1);
      cimglist_for(res,l) res[l].assign(_data[pos0 + l]);
      return res;
    }

    //! Return a shared sublist.
    /**
      \param pos0 Starting index of the sublist.
      \param pos1 Ending index of the sublist.
    **/
    CImgList<T> get_shared_images(const unsigned int pos0, const unsigned int pos1) {
      if (pos0>pos1 || pos1>=_width)
        throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "get_shared_images(): Specified sub-list indices (%u->%u) are out of bounds.",
                                    cimglist_instance,
                                    pos0,pos1);
      CImgList<T> res(pos1 - pos0 + 1);
      cimglist_for(res,l) res[l].assign(_data[pos0 + l],_data[pos0 + l]?true:false);
      return res;
    }

    //! Return a shared sublist \newinstance.
    const CImgList<T> get_shared_images(const unsigned int pos0, const unsigned int pos1) const {
      if (pos0>pos1 || pos1>=_width)
        throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "get_shared_images(): Specified sub-list indices (%u->%u) are out of bounds.",
                                    cimglist_instance,
                                    pos0,pos1);
      CImgList<T> res(pos1 - pos0 + 1);
      cimglist_for(res,l) res[l].assign(_data[pos0 + l],_data[pos0 + l]?true:false);
      return res;
    }

    //! Return a single image which is the appending of all images of the current CImgList instance.
    /**
       \param axis Appending axis. Can be <tt>{ 'x' | 'y' | 'z' | 'c' }</tt>.
       \param align Appending alignment.
    **/
    CImg<T> get_append(const char axis, const float align=0) const {
      if (is_empty()) return CImg<T>();
      if (_width==1) return +((*this)[0]);
      unsigned int dx = 0, dy = 0, dz = 0, dc = 0, pos = 0;
      CImg<T> res;
      switch (cimg::lowercase(axis)) {
      case 'x' : { // Along the X-axis.
        cimglist_for(*this,l) {
          const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
          if (img) {
            dx+=img._width;
            dy = std::max(dy,img._height);
            dz = std::max(dz,img._depth);
            dc = std::max(dc,img._spectrum);
          }
        }
        res.assign(dx,dy,dz,dc,(T)0);
        if (res) cimglist_for(*this,l) {
            const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
            if (img) res.draw_image(pos,
                                    (int)(align*(dy - img._height)),
                                    (int)(align*(dz - img._depth)),
                                    (int)(align*(dc - img._spectrum)),
                                    img);
            pos+=img._width;
          }
      } break;
      case 'y' : { // Along the Y-axis.
        cimglist_for(*this,l) {
          const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
          if (img) {
            dx = std::max(dx,img._width);
            dy+=img._height;
            dz = std::max(dz,img._depth);
            dc = std::max(dc,img._spectrum);
          }
        }
        res.assign(dx,dy,dz,dc,(T)0);
        if (res) cimglist_for(*this,l) {
            const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
            if (img) res.draw_image((int)(align*(dx - img._width)),
                                    pos,
                                    (int)(align*(dz - img._depth)),
                                    (int)(align*(dc - img._spectrum)),
                                    img);
            pos+=img._height;
          }
      } break;
      case 'z' : { // Along the Z-axis.
        cimglist_for(*this,l) {
          const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
          if (img) {
            dx = std::max(dx,img._width);
            dy = std::max(dy,img._height);
            dz+=img._depth;
            dc = std::max(dc,img._spectrum);
          }
        }
        res.assign(dx,dy,dz,dc,(T)0);
        if (res) cimglist_for(*this,l) {
            const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
            if (img) res.draw_image((int)(align*(dx - img._width)),
                                    (int)(align*(dy - img._height)),
                                    pos,
                                    (int)(align*(dc - img._spectrum)),
                                    img);
            pos+=img._depth;
          }
      } break;
      default : { // Along the C-axis.
        cimglist_for(*this,l) {
          const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
          if (img) {
            dx = std::max(dx,img._width);
            dy = std::max(dy,img._height);
            dz = std::max(dz,img._depth);
            dc+=img._spectrum;
          }
        }
        res.assign(dx,dy,dz,dc,(T)0);
        if (res) cimglist_for(*this,l) {
            const CImg<T>& img = (*this)[l];
            if (img) res.draw_image((int)(align*(dx - img._width)),
                                    (int)(align*(dy - img._height)),
                                    (int)(align*(dz - img._depth)),
                                    pos,
                                    img);
            pos+=img._spectrum;
          }
      }
      }
      return res;
    }

    //! Return a list where each image has been split along the specified axis.
    /**
        \param axis Axis to split images along.
        \param nb Number of spliting parts for each image.
    **/
    CImgList<T>& split(const char axis, const int nb=-1) {
      return get_split(axis,nb).move_to(*this);
    }

    //! Return a list where each image has been split along the specified axis \newinstance.
    CImgList<T> get_split(const char axis, const int nb=-1) const {
      CImgList<T> res;
      cimglist_for(*this,l) _data[l].get_split(axis,nb).move_to(res,~0U);
      return res;
    }

    //! Insert image at the end of the list.
    /**
      \param img Image to insert.
    **/
    template<typename t>
    CImgList<T>& push_back(const CImg<t>& img) {
      return insert(img);
    }

    //! Insert image at the front of the list.
    /**
      \param img Image to insert.
    **/
    template<typename t>
    CImgList<T>& push_front(const CImg<t>& img) {
      return insert(img,0);
    }

    //! Insert list at the end of the current list.
    /**
      \param list List to insert.
    **/
    template<typename t>
    CImgList<T>& push_back(const CImgList<t>& list) {
      return insert(list);
    }

    //! Insert list at the front of the current list.
    /**
      \param list List to insert.
    **/
    template<typename t>
    CImgList<T>& push_front(const CImgList<t>& list) {
      return insert(list,0);
    }

    //! Remove last image.
    /**
    **/
    CImgList<T>& pop_back() {
      return remove(_width - 1);
    }

    //! Remove first image.
    /**
    **/
    CImgList<T>& pop_front() {
      return remove(0);
    }

    //! Remove image pointed by iterator.
    /**
      \param iter Iterator pointing to the image to remove.
    **/
    CImgList<T>& erase(const iterator iter) {
      return remove(iter - _data);
    }

    //@}
    //----------------------------------
    //
    //! \name Data Input
    //@{
    //----------------------------------

    //! Display a simple interactive interface to select images or sublists.
    /**
       \param disp Window instance to display selection and user interface.
       \param feature_type Can be \c false to select a single image, or \c true to select a sublist.
       \param axis Axis along whom images are appended for visualization.
       \param align Alignment setting when images have not all the same size.
       \return A one-column vector containing the selected image indexes.
    **/
    CImg<intT> get_select(CImgDisplay &disp, const bool feature_type=true,
                          const char axis='x', const float align=0,
                          const bool exit_on_anykey=false) const {
      return _select(disp,0,feature_type,axis,align,exit_on_anykey,0,false,false,false);
    }

    //! Display a simple interactive interface to select images or sublists.
    /**
       \param title Title of a new window used to display selection and user interface.
       \param feature_type Can be \c false to select a single image, or \c true to select a sublist.
       \param axis Axis along whom images are appended for visualization.
       \param align Alignment setting when images have not all the same size.
       \return A one-column vector containing the selected image indexes.
    **/
    CImg<intT> get_select(const char *const title, const bool feature_type=true,
                          const char axis='x', const float align=0,
                          const bool exit_on_anykey=false) const {
      CImgDisplay disp;
      return _select(disp,title,feature_type,axis,align,exit_on_anykey,0,false,false,false);
    }

    CImg<intT> _select(CImgDisplay &disp, const char *const title, const bool feature_type,
                       const char axis, const float align, const bool exit_on_anykey,
                       const unsigned int orig, const bool resize_disp,
                       const bool exit_on_rightbutton, const bool exit_on_wheel) const {
      if (is_empty())
        throw CImgInstanceException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "select(): Empty instance.",
                                    cimglist_instance);

      // Create image correspondence table and get list dimensions for visualization.
      CImgList<uintT> _indices;
      unsigned int max_width = 0, max_height = 0, sum_width = 0, sum_height = 0;
      cimglist_for(*this,l) {
        const CImg<T>& img = _data[l];
        const unsigned int
          w = CImgDisplay::_fitscreen(img._width,img._height,img._depth,128,-85,false),
          h = CImgDisplay::_fitscreen(img._width,img._height,img._depth,128,-85,true);
        if (w>max_width) max_width = w;
        if (h>max_height) max_height = h;
        sum_width+=w; sum_height+=h;
        if (axis=='x') CImg<uintT>(w,1,1,1,(unsigned int)l).move_to(_indices);
        else CImg<uintT>(h,1,1,1,(unsigned int)l).move_to(_indices);
      }
      const CImg<uintT> indices0 = _indices>'x';

      // Create display window.
      if (!disp) {
        if (axis=='x') disp.assign(cimg_fitscreen(sum_width,max_height,1),title?title:0,1);
        else disp.assign(cimg_fitscreen(max_width,sum_height,1),title?title:0,1);
        if (!title) disp.set_title("CImgList<%s> (%u)",pixel_type(),_width);
      } else if (title) disp.set_title("%s",title);
      if (resize_disp) {
        if (axis=='x') disp.resize(cimg_fitscreen(sum_width,max_height,1),false);
        else disp.resize(cimg_fitscreen(max_width,sum_height,1),false);
      }

      const unsigned int old_normalization = disp.normalization();
      bool old_is_resized = disp.is_resized();
      disp._normalization = 0;
      disp.show().set_key(0);
      static const unsigned char foreground_color[] = { 255,255,255 }, background_color[] = { 0,0,0 };

      // Enter event loop.
      CImg<ucharT> visu0, visu;
      CImg<uintT> indices;
      CImg<intT> positions(_width,4,1,1,-1);
      int oindice0 = -1, oindice1 = -1, indice0 = -1, indice1 = -1;
      bool is_clicked = false, is_selected = false, text_down = false, update_display = true;
      unsigned int key = 0;

      while (!is_selected && !disp.is_closed() && !key) {

        // Create background image.
        if (!visu0) {
          visu0.assign(disp._width,disp._height,1,3,0); visu.assign();
          (indices0.get_resize(axis=='x'?visu0._width:visu0._height,1)).move_to(indices);
          unsigned int ind = 0;
          if (axis=='x') for (unsigned int x = 0; x<visu0._width; ) {
              const unsigned int x0 = x;
              ind = indices[x];
              while (x<indices._width && indices[x++]==ind) {}
              const CImg<T>
                onexone(1,1,1,1,(T)0),
                &src = _data[ind]?_data[ind]:onexone;
              CImg<ucharT> res;
              src.__get_select(disp,old_normalization,(src._width - 1)/2,(src._height - 1)/2,(src._depth - 1)/2).
                move_to(res);
              const unsigned int h = CImgDisplay::_fitscreen(res._width,res._height,1,128,-85,true);
              res.resize(x - x0,std::max(32U,h*disp._height/max_height),1,res._spectrum==1?3:-100);
              positions(ind,0) = positions(ind,2) = (int)x0;
              positions(ind,1) = positions(ind,3) = (int)(align*(visu0.height() - res.height()));
              positions(ind,2)+=res._width;
              positions(ind,3)+=res._height - 1;
              visu0.draw_image(positions(ind,0),positions(ind,1),res);
            } else for (unsigned int y = 0; y<visu0._height; ) {
              const unsigned int y0 = y;
              ind = indices[y];
              while (y<visu0._height && indices[++y]==ind) {}
              const CImg<T> &src = _data[ind];
              const CImg<Tuchar>
                img2d = src._depth>1?src.get_projections2d((src._width - 1)/2,(src._height - 1)/2,(src._depth - 1)/2):
                cimg::type<Tuchar>::string()==cimg::type<T>::string()?src.get_shared():src;
              CImg<ucharT> res = old_normalization==1 ||
                (old_normalization==3 && cimg::type<T>::string()!=cimg::type<unsigned char>::string())?
                CImg<ucharT>(img2d.get_normalize((Tuchar)0,(Tuchar)255)):
                CImg<ucharT>(img2d);
              if (res._spectrum>3) res.channels(0,2);
              const unsigned int w = CImgDisplay::_fitscreen(res._width,res._height,1,128,-85,false);
              res.resize(std::max(32U,w*disp._width/max_width),y - y0,1,res._spectrum==1?3:-100);
              positions(ind,0) = positions(ind,2) = (int)(align*(visu0.width() - res.width()));
              positions(ind,1) = positions(ind,3) = (int)y0;
              positions(ind,2)+=res._width - 1;
              positions(ind,3)+=res._height;
              visu0.draw_image(positions(ind,0),positions(ind,1),res);
            }
          if (axis=='x') --positions(ind,2); else --positions(ind,3);
          update_display = true;
        }

        if (!visu || oindice0!=indice0 || oindice1!=indice1) {
          if (indice0>=0 && indice1>=0) {
            visu.assign(visu0,false);
            const int indm = std::min(indice0,indice1), indM = std::max(indice0,indice1);
            for (int ind = indm; ind<=indM; ++ind) if (positions(ind,0)>=0) {
                visu.draw_rectangle(positions(ind,0),positions(ind,1),positions(ind,2),positions(ind,3),
                                    background_color,0.2f);
                if ((axis=='x' && positions(ind,2) - positions(ind,0)>=8) ||
                    (axis!='x' && positions(ind,3) - positions(ind,1)>=8))
                  visu.draw_rectangle(positions(ind,0),positions(ind,1),positions(ind,2),positions(ind,3),
                                      foreground_color,0.9f,0xAAAAAAAA);
              }
            const int yt = (int)text_down?visu.height() - 13:0;
            if (is_clicked) visu.draw_text(0,yt," Images #%u - #%u, Size = %u",
                                           foreground_color,background_color,0.7f,13,
                                           orig + indm,orig + indM,indM - indm + 1);
            else visu.draw_text(0,yt," Image #%u (%u,%u,%u,%u)",foreground_color,background_color,0.7f,13,
                                orig + indice0,
                                _data[indice0]._width,
                                _data[indice0]._height,
                                _data[indice0]._depth,
                                _data[indice0]._spectrum);
            update_display = true;
          } else visu.assign();
        }
        if (!visu) { visu.assign(visu0,true); update_display = true; }
        if (update_display) { visu.display(disp); update_display = false; }
        disp.wait();

        // Manage user events.
        const int xm = disp.mouse_x(), ym = disp.mouse_y();
        int indice = -1;

        if (xm>=0) {
          indice = (int)indices(axis=='x'?xm:ym);
          if (disp.button()&1) {
            if (!is_clicked) { is_clicked = true; oindice0 = indice0; indice0 = indice; }
            oindice1 = indice1; indice1 = indice;
            if (!feature_type) is_selected = true;
          } else {
            if (!is_clicked) { oindice0 = oindice1 = indice0; indice0 = indice1 = indice; }
            else is_selected = true;
          }
        } else {
          if (is_clicked) {
            if (!(disp.button()&1)) { is_clicked = is_selected = false; indice0 = indice1 = -1; }
            else indice1 = -1;
          } else indice0 = indice1 = -1;
        }

        if (disp.button()&4) { is_clicked = is_selected = false; indice0 = indice1 = -1; }
        if (disp.button()&2 && exit_on_rightbutton) { is_selected = true; indice1 = indice0 = -1; }
        if (disp.wheel() && exit_on_wheel) is_selected = true;

        CImg<charT> filename(32);
        switch (key = disp.key()) {
#if cimg_OS!=2
        case cimg::keyCTRLRIGHT :
#endif
        case 0 : case cimg::keyCTRLLEFT : key = 0; break;
        case cimg::keyD : if (disp.is_keyCTRLLEFT() || disp.is_keyCTRLRIGHT()) {
            disp.set_fullscreen(false).
              resize(CImgDisplay::_fitscreen(3*disp.width()/2,3*disp.height()/2,1,128,-100,false),
                     CImgDisplay::_fitscreen(3*disp.width()/2,3*disp.height()/2,1,128,-100,true),false).
              _is_resized = true;
            disp.set_key(key,false); key = 0; visu0.assign();
          } break;
        case cimg::keyC : if (disp.is_keyCTRLLEFT() || disp.is_keyCTRLRIGHT()) {
            disp.set_fullscreen(false).
              resize(cimg_fitscreen(2*disp.width()/3,2*disp.height()/3,1),false)._is_resized = true;
            disp.set_key(key,false); key = 0; visu0.assign();
          } break;
        case cimg::keyR : if (disp.is_keyCTRLLEFT() || disp.is_keyCTRLRIGHT()) {
            disp.set_fullscreen(false).
              resize(cimg_fitscreen(axis=='x'?sum_width:max_width,axis=='x'?max_height:sum_height,1),false).
              _is_resized = true;
            disp.set_key(key,false); key = 0; visu0.assign();
          } break;
        case cimg::keyF : if (disp.is_keyCTRLLEFT() || disp.is_keyCTRLRIGHT()) {
            disp.resize(disp.screen_width(),disp.screen_height(),false).toggle_fullscreen()._is_resized = true;
            disp.set_key(key,false); key = 0; visu0.assign();
          } break;
        case cimg::keyS : if (disp.is_keyCTRLLEFT() || disp.is_keyCTRLRIGHT()) {
            static unsigned int snap_number = 0;
            std::FILE *file;
            do {
              cimg_snprintf(filename,filename._width,cimg_appname "_%.4u.bmp",snap_number++);
              if ((file=std_fopen(filename,"r"))!=0) cimg::fclose(file);
            } while (file);
            if (visu0) {
              (+visu0).draw_text(0,0," Saving snapshot... ",
                                 foreground_color,background_color,0.7f,13).display(disp);
              visu0.save(filename);
              (+visu0).draw_text(0,0," Snapshot '%s' saved. ",
                                 foreground_color,background_color,0.7f,13,filename._data).display(disp);
            }
            disp.set_key(key,false).wait(); key = 0;
          } break;
        case cimg::keyO :
          if (disp.is_keyCTRLLEFT() || disp.is_keyCTRLRIGHT()) {
            static unsigned int snap_number = 0;
            std::FILE *file;
            do {
#ifdef cimg_use_zlib
              cimg_snprintf(filename,filename._width,cimg_appname "_%.4u.cimgz",snap_number++);
#else
              cimg_snprintf(filename,filename._width,cimg_appname "_%.4u.cimg",snap_number++);
#endif
              if ((file=std_fopen(filename,"r"))!=0) cimg::fclose(file);
            } while (file);
            (+visu0).draw_text(0,0," Saving instance... ",
                               foreground_color,background_color,0.7f,13).display(disp);
            save(filename);
            (+visu0).draw_text(0,0," Instance '%s' saved. ",
                               foreground_color,background_color,0.7f,13,filename._data).display(disp);
            disp.set_key(key,false).wait(); key = 0;
          } break;
        }
        if (disp.is_resized()) { disp.resize(false); visu0.assign(); }
        if (ym>=0 && ym<13) { if (!text_down) { visu.assign(); text_down = true; }}
        else if (ym>=visu.height() - 13) { if (text_down) { visu.assign(); text_down = false; }}
        if (!exit_on_anykey && key && key!=cimg::keyESC &&
            (key!=cimg::keyW || (!disp.is_keyCTRLLEFT() && !disp.is_keyCTRLRIGHT()))) {
          key = 0;
        }
      }
      CImg<intT> res(1,2,1,1,-1);
      if (is_selected) {
        if (feature_type) res.fill(std::min(indice0,indice1),std::max(indice0,indice1));
        else res.fill(indice0);
      }
      if (!(disp.button()&2)) disp.set_button();
      disp._normalization = old_normalization;
      disp._is_resized = old_is_resized;
      disp.set_key(key);
      return res;
    }

    //! Load a list from a file.
    /**
     \param filename Filename to read data from.
    **/
    CImgList<T>& load(const char *const filename) {
      if (!filename)
        throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "load(): Specified filename is (null).",
                                    cimglist_instance);

      if (!cimg::strncasecmp(filename,"http://",7) || !cimg::strncasecmp(filename,"https://",8)) {
        CImg<charT> filename_local(256);
        load(cimg::load_network(filename,filename_local));
        std::remove(filename_local);
        return *this;
      }

      const bool is_stdin = *filename=='-' && (!filename[1] || filename[1]=='.');
      const char *const ext = cimg::split_filename(filename);
      const unsigned int omode = cimg::exception_mode();
      cimg::exception_mode(0);
      bool is_loaded = true;
      try {
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin
        cimglist_load_plugin(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin1
        cimglist_load_plugin1(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin2
        cimglist_load_plugin2(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin3
        cimglist_load_plugin3(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin4
        cimglist_load_plugin4(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin5
        cimglist_load_plugin5(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin6
        cimglist_load_plugin6(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin7
        cimglist_load_plugin7(filename);
#endif
#ifdef cimglist_load_plugin8
        cimglist_load_plugin8(filename);
#endif
        if (!cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"tif") ||
            !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"tiff")) load_tiff(filename);
        else if (!cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"gif")) load_gif_external(filename);
        else if (!cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"cimg") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"cimgz") ||
                 !*ext) load_cimg(filename);
        else if (!cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"rec") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"par")) load_parrec(filename);
        else if (!cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"avi") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"mov") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"asf") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"divx") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"flv") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"mpg") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"m1v") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"m2v") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"m4v") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"mjp") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"mp4") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"mkv") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"mpe") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"movie") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"ogm") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"ogg") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"ogv") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"qt") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"rm") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"vob") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"wmv") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"xvid") ||
                 !cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"mpeg")) load_video(filename);
        else if (!cimg::strcasecmp(ext,"gz")) load_gzip_external(filename);
        else is_loaded = false;
      } catch (CImgIOException&) { is_loaded = false; }

      // If nothing loaded, try to guess file format from magic number in file.
      if (!is_loaded && !is_stdin) {
        std::FILE *const file = std_fopen(filename,"rb");
        if (!file) {
          cimg::exception_mode(omode);
          throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance
                                "load(): Failed to open file '%s'.",
                                cimglist_instance,
                                filename);
        }

        const char *const f_type = cimg::ftype(file,filename);
        std::fclose(file);
        is_loaded = true;
        try {
          if (!cimg::strcasecmp(f_type,"gif")) load_gif_external(filename);
          else if (!cimg::strcasecmp(f_type,"tif")) load_tiff(filename);
          else is_loaded = false;
        } catch (CImgIOException&) { is_loaded = false; }
      }

      // If nothing loaded, try to load file as a single image.
      if (!is_loaded) {
        assign(1);
        try {
          _data->load(filename);
        } catch (CImgIOException&) {
          cimg::exception_mode(omode);
          throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance
                                "load(): Failed to recognize format of file '%s'.",
                                cimglist_instance,
                                filename);
        }
      }
      cimg::exception_mode(omode);
      return *this;
    }

    //! Load a list from a file \newinstance.
    static CImgList<T> get_load(const char *const filename) {
      return CImgList<T>().load(filename);
    }

    //! Load a list from a .cimg file.
    /**
      \param filename Filename to read data from.
    **/
    CImgList<T>& load_cimg(const char *const filename) {
      return _load_cimg(0,filename);
    }

    //! Load a list from a .cimg file \newinstance.
    static CImgList<T> get_load_cimg(const char *const filename) {
      return CImgList<T>().load_cimg(filename);
    }

    //! Load a list from a .cimg file.
    /**
      \param file File to read data from.
    **/
    CImgList<T>& load_cimg(std::FILE *const file) {
      return _load_cimg(file,0);
    }

    //! Load a list from a .cimg file \newinstance.
    static CImgList<T> get_load_cimg(std::FILE *const file) {
      return CImgList<T>().load_cimg(file);
    }

    CImgList<T>& _load_cimg(std::FILE *const file, const char *const filename) {
#ifdef cimg_use_zlib
#define _cimgz_load_cimg_case(Tss) { \
   Bytef *const cbuf = new Bytef[csiz]; \
   cimg::fread(cbuf,csiz,nfile); \
   raw.assign(W,H,D,C); \
   uLongf destlen = (ulongT)raw.size()*sizeof(Tss); \
   uncompress((Bytef*)raw._data,&destlen,cbuf,csiz); \
   delete[] cbuf; \
   if (endian!=cimg::endianness()) cimg::invert_endianness(raw._data,raw.size()); \
   raw.move_to(img); \
}
#else
#define _cimgz_load_cimg_case(Tss) \
   throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance \
                         "load_cimg(): Unable to load compressed data from file '%s' unless zlib is enabled.", \
                         cimglist_instance, \
                         filename?filename:"(FILE*)");
#endif

#define _cimg_load_cimg_case(Ts,Tss) \
      if (!loaded && !cimg::strcasecmp(Ts,str_pixeltype)) { \
        for (unsigned int l = 0; l<N; ++l) { \
          j = 0; while ((i=std::fgetc(nfile))!='\n' && i>=0 && j<255) tmp[j++] = (char)i; tmp[j] = 0; \
          W = H = D = C = 0; csiz = 0; \
          if ((err = cimg_sscanf(tmp,"%u %u %u %u #%lu",&W,&H,&D,&C,&csiz))<4) \
            throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance \
                                  "load_cimg(): Invalid specified size (%u,%u,%u,%u) of image %u in file '%s'.", \
                                  cimglist_instance, \
                                  W,H,D,C,l,filename?filename:("(FILE*)")); \
          if (W*H*D*C>0) { \
            CImg<Tss> raw; \
            CImg<T> &img = _data[l]; \
            if (err==5) _cimgz_load_cimg_case(Tss) \
            else { \
              img.assign(W,H,D,C); \
              T *ptrd = img._data; \
              for (ulongT to_read = img.size(); to_read; ) { \
                raw.assign((unsigned int)std::min(to_read,cimg_iobuffer)); \
                cimg::fread(raw._data,raw._width,nfile); \
                if (endian!=cimg::endianness()) cimg::invert_endianness(raw._data,raw.size()); \
                const Tss *ptrs = raw._data; \
                for (ulongT off = (ulongT)raw._width; off; --off) *(ptrd++) = (T)*(ptrs++); \
                to_read-=raw._width; \
              } \
            } \
          } \
        } \
        loaded = true; \
      }

      if (!filename && !file)
        throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "load_cimg(): Specified filename is (null).",
                                    cimglist_instance);

      const ulongT cimg_iobuffer = (ulongT)24*1024*1024;
      std::FILE *const nfile = file?file:cimg::fopen(filename,"rb");
      bool loaded = false, endian = cimg::endianness();
      CImg<charT> tmp(256), str_pixeltype(256), str_endian(256);
      *tmp = *str_pixeltype = *str_endian = 0;
      unsigned int j, N = 0, W, H, D, C;
      unsigned long csiz;
      int i, err;
      do {
        j = 0; while ((i=std::fgetc(nfile))!='\n' && i>=0 && j<255) tmp[j++] = (char)i; tmp[j] = 0;
      } while (*tmp=='#' && i>=0);
      err = cimg_sscanf(tmp,"%u%*c%255[A-Za-z64_]%*c%255[sA-Za-z_ ]",
                        &N,str_pixeltype._data,str_endian._data);
      if (err<2) {
        if (!file) cimg::fclose(nfile);
        throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance
                              "load_cimg(): CImg header not found in file '%s'.",
                              cimglist_instance,
                              filename?filename:"(FILE*)");
      }
      if (!cimg::strncasecmp("little",str_endian,6)) endian = false;
      else if (!cimg::strncasecmp("big",str_endian,3)) endian = true;
      assign(N);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("bool",bool);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("unsigned_char",unsigned char);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("uchar",unsigned char);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("char",char);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("unsigned_short",unsigned short);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("ushort",unsigned short);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("short",short);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("unsigned_int",unsigned int);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("uint",unsigned int);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("int",int);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("unsigned_long",ulongT);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("ulong",ulongT);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("long",longT);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("unsigned_int64",uint64T);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("uint64",uint64T);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("int64",int64T);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("float",float);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case("double",double);

      if (!loaded) {
        if (!file) cimg::fclose(nfile);
        throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance
                              "load_cimg(): Unsupported pixel type '%s' for file '%s'.",
                              cimglist_instance,
                              str_pixeltype._data,filename?filename:"(FILE*)");
      }
      if (!file) cimg::fclose(nfile);
      return *this;
    }

    //! Load a sublist list from a (non compressed) .cimg file.
    /**
      \param filename Filename to read data from.
      \param n0 Starting index of images to read (~0U for max).
      \param n1 Ending index of images to read (~0U for max).
      \param x0 Starting X-coordinates of image regions to read.
      \param y0 Starting Y-coordinates of image regions to read.
      \param z0 Starting Z-coordinates of image regions to read.
      \param c0 Starting C-coordinates of image regions to read.
      \param x1 Ending X-coordinates of image regions to read (~0U for max).
      \param y1 Ending Y-coordinates of image regions to read (~0U for max).
      \param z1 Ending Z-coordinates of image regions to read (~0U for max).
      \param c1 Ending C-coordinates of image regions to read (~0U for max).
    **/
    CImgList<T>& load_cimg(const char *const filename,
                           const unsigned int n0, const unsigned int n1,
                           const unsigned int x0, const unsigned int y0,
                           const unsigned int z0, const unsigned int c0,
                           const unsigned int x1, const unsigned int y1,
                           const unsigned int z1, const unsigned int c1) {
      return _load_cimg(0,filename,n0,n1,x0,y0,z0,c0,x1,y1,z1,c1);
    }

    //! Load a sublist list from a (non compressed) .cimg file \newinstance.
    static CImgList<T> get_load_cimg(const char *const filename,
                                     const unsigned int n0, const unsigned int n1,
                                     const unsigned int x0, const unsigned int y0,
                                     const unsigned int z0, const unsigned int c0,
                                     const unsigned int x1, const unsigned int y1,
                                     const unsigned int z1, const unsigned int c1) {
      return CImgList<T>().load_cimg(filename,n0,n1,x0,y0,z0,c0,x1,y1,z1,c1);
    }

    //! Load a sub-image list from a (non compressed) .cimg file \overloading.
    CImgList<T>& load_cimg(std::FILE *const file,
                           const unsigned int n0, const unsigned int n1,
                           const unsigned int x0, const unsigned int y0,
                           const unsigned int z0, const unsigned int c0,
                           const unsigned int x1, const unsigned int y1,
                           const unsigned int z1, const unsigned int c1) {
      return _load_cimg(file,0,n0,n1,x0,y0,z0,c0,x1,y1,z1,c1);
    }

    //! Load a sub-image list from a (non compressed) .cimg file \newinstance.
    static CImgList<T> get_load_cimg(std::FILE *const file,
                                     const unsigned int n0, const unsigned int n1,
                                     const unsigned int x0, const unsigned int y0,
                                     const unsigned int z0, const unsigned int c0,
                                     const unsigned int x1, const unsigned int y1,
                                     const unsigned int z1, const unsigned int c1) {
      return CImgList<T>().load_cimg(file,n0,n1,x0,y0,z0,c0,x1,y1,z1,c1);
    }

    CImgList<T>& _load_cimg(std::FILE *const file, const char *const filename,
                            const unsigned int n0, const unsigned int n1,
                            const unsigned int x0, const unsigned int y0,
                            const unsigned int z0, const unsigned int c0,
                            const unsigned int x1, const unsigned int y1,
                            const unsigned int z1, const unsigned int c1) {
#define _cimg_load_cimg_case2(Ts,Tss) \
      if (!loaded && !cimg::strcasecmp(Ts,str_pixeltype)) { \
        for (unsigned int l = 0; l<=nn1; ++l) { \
          j = 0; while ((i=std::fgetc(nfile))!='\n' && i>=0) tmp[j++] = (char)i; tmp[j] = 0; \
          W = H = D = C = 0; \
          if (cimg_sscanf(tmp,"%u %u %u %u",&W,&H,&D,&C)!=4) \
            throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance \
                                  "load_cimg(): Invalid specified size (%u,%u,%u,%u) of image %u in file '%s'", \
                                  cimglist_instance, \
                                  W,H,D,C,l,filename?filename:"(FILE*)"); \
          if (W*H*D*C>0) { \
            if (l<nn0 || nx0>=W || ny0>=H || nz0>=D || nc0>=C) cimg::fseek(nfile,W*H*D*C*sizeof(Tss),SEEK_CUR); \
            else { \
              const unsigned int \
                _nx1 = nx1==~0U?W - 1:nx1, \
                _ny1 = ny1==~0U?H - 1:ny1, \
                _nz1 = nz1==~0U?D - 1:nz1, \
                _nc1 = nc1==~0U?C - 1:nc1; \
              if (_nx1>=W || _ny1>=H || _nz1>=D || _nc1>=C) \
                throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance \
                                            "load_cimg(): Invalid specified coordinates " \
                                            "[%u](%u,%u,%u,%u) -> [%u](%u,%u,%u,%u) " \
                                            "because image [%u] in file '%s' has size (%u,%u,%u,%u).", \
                                            cimglist_instance, \
                                            n0,x0,y0,z0,c0,n1,x1,y1,z1,c1,l,filename?filename:"(FILE*)",W,H,D,C); \
              CImg<Tss> raw(1 + _nx1 - nx0); \
              CImg<T> &img = _data[l - nn0]; \
              img.assign(1 + _nx1 - nx0,1 + _ny1 - ny0,1 + _nz1 - nz0,1 + _nc1 - nc0); \
              T *ptrd = img._data; \
              ulongT skipvb = nc0*W*H*D*sizeof(Tss); \
              if (skipvb) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipvb,SEEK_CUR); \
              for (unsigned int c = 1 + _nc1 - nc0; c; --c) { \
                const ulongT skipzb = nz0*W*H*sizeof(Tss); \
                if (skipzb) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipzb,SEEK_CUR); \
                for (unsigned int z = 1 + _nz1 - nz0; z; --z) { \
                  const ulongT skipyb = ny0*W*sizeof(Tss); \
                  if (skipyb) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipyb,SEEK_CUR); \
                  for (unsigned int y = 1 + _ny1 - ny0; y; --y) { \
                    const ulongT skipxb = nx0*sizeof(Tss); \
                    if (skipxb) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipxb,SEEK_CUR); \
                    cimg::fread(raw._data,raw._width,nfile); \
                    if (endian!=cimg::endianness()) cimg::invert_endianness(raw._data,raw._width); \
                    const Tss *ptrs = raw._data; \
                    for (unsigned int off = raw._width; off; --off) *(ptrd++) = (T)*(ptrs++); \
                    const ulongT skipxe = (W - 1 - _nx1)*sizeof(Tss); \
                    if (skipxe) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipxe,SEEK_CUR); \
                  } \
                  const ulongT skipye = (H - 1 - _ny1)*W*sizeof(Tss); \
                  if (skipye) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipye,SEEK_CUR); \
                } \
                const ulongT skipze = (D - 1 - _nz1)*W*H*sizeof(Tss); \
                if (skipze) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipze,SEEK_CUR); \
              } \
              const ulongT skipve = (C - 1 - _nc1)*W*H*D*sizeof(Tss); \
              if (skipve) cimg::fseek(nfile,skipve,SEEK_CUR); \
            } \
          } \
        } \
        loaded = true; \
      }

      if (!filename && !file)
        throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "load_cimg(): Specified filename is (null).",
                                    cimglist_instance);
      unsigned int
        nn0 = std::min(n0,n1), nn1 = std::max(n0,n1),
        nx0 = std::min(x0,x1), nx1 = std::max(x0,x1),
        ny0 = std::min(y0,y1), ny1 = std::max(y0,y1),
        nz0 = std::min(z0,z1), nz1 = std::max(z0,z1),
        nc0 = std::min(c0,c1), nc1 = std::max(c0,c1);

      std::FILE *const nfile = file?file:cimg::fopen(filename,"rb");
      bool loaded = false, endian = cimg::endianness();
      CImg<charT> tmp(256), str_pixeltype(256), str_endian(256);
      *tmp = *str_pixeltype = *str_endian = 0;
      unsigned int j, N, W, H, D, C;
      int i, err;
      j = 0; while ((i=std::fgetc(nfile))!='\n' && i!=EOF && j<256) tmp[j++] = (char)i; tmp[j] = 0;
      err = cimg_sscanf(tmp,"%u%*c%255[A-Za-z64_]%*c%255[sA-Za-z_ ]",
                        &N,str_pixeltype._data,str_endian._data);
      if (err<2) {
        if (!file) cimg::fclose(nfile);
        throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance
                              "load_cimg(): CImg header not found in file '%s'.",
                              cimglist_instance,
                              filename?filename:"(FILE*)");
      }
      if (!cimg::strncasecmp("little",str_endian,6)) endian = false;
      else if (!cimg::strncasecmp("big",str_endian,3)) endian = true;
      nn1 = n1==~0U?N - 1:n1;
      if (nn1>=N)
        throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "load_cimg(): Invalid specified coordinates [%u](%u,%u,%u,%u) -> [%u](%u,%u,%u,%u) "
                                    "because file '%s' contains only %u images.",
                                    cimglist_instance,
                                    n0,x0,y0,z0,c0,n1,x1,y1,z1,c1,filename?filename:"(FILE*)",N);
      assign(1 + nn1 - n0);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("bool",bool);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("unsigned_char",unsigned char);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("uchar",unsigned char);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("char",char);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("unsigned_short",unsigned short);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("ushort",unsigned short);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("short",short);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("unsigned_int",unsigned int);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("uint",unsigned int);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("int",int);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("unsigned_long",ulongT);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("ulong",ulongT);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("long",longT);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("unsigned_int64",uint64T);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("uint64",uint64T);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("int64",int64T);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("float",float);
      _cimg_load_cimg_case2("double",double);
      if (!loaded) {
        if (!file) cimg::fclose(nfile);
        throw CImgIOException(_cimglist_instance
                              "load_cimg(): Unsupported pixel type '%s' for file '%s'.",
                              cimglist_instance,
                              str_pixeltype._data,filename?filename:"(FILE*)");
      }
      if (!file) cimg::fclose(nfile);
      return *this;
    }

    //! Load a list from a PAR/REC (Philips) file.
    /**
      \param filename Filename to read data from.
    **/
    CImgList<T>& load_parrec(const char *const filename) {
      if (!filename)
        throw CImgArgumentException(_cimglist_instance
                                    "load_parrec(): Specified filename is (null).",
                                    cimglist_instance);

      CImg<charT> body(1024), filenamepar(1024), filenamerec(1024);
      *body = *filenamepar = *filenamerec = 0;
      const char *const ext = cimg::split_filename(filename,body);
      if (!std::strcmp(ext,"par")) {
        std::strncpy(filenamepar,filename,filenamepar._width - 1);
        cimg_snprintf(filenamerec,filenamerec._width,"%s.rec",body._data);
      }
      if (!std::strcmp(ext,"PAR")) {
        std::strncpy(filenamepar,filename,filenamepar._width - 1);
        cimg_snprintf(filenamerec,filenamerec._width,"%s.REC",body._data);
      }
      if (!std::strcmp(ext,"rec")) {
        std::strncpy(filenamerec,filename,filenamerec._width - 1);
        cimg_snprintf(filenamepar,filenamepar._width,"%s.par",body._data);
      }
      if (!std::strcmp(ext,"REC")) {
        std::strncpy(filenamerec,filename,filenamerec._width - 1);
        cimg_snprintf(filenamepar,filenamepar._width,"%s.PAR",body._data);
      }
      std::FILE *file = cimg::fopen(filenamepar,"r");

      // Parse header file
      CImgList<floatT> st_slices;
      CImgList<uintT> st_global;
      CImg<charT> line(256); *line = 0;
      int err;
      do { err = std::fscanf(file,"%255[^\n]%*c",line._data); } while (err!=EOF && (*line=='#' || *line=='.'));
      do {
        unsigned int sn,size_x,size_y,pixsize;
        float rs,ri,ss;
        err = std::fscanf(file,"%u%*u%*u%*u%*u%*u%*u%u%*u%u%u%g%g%g%*[^\n]",&sn,&pixsize,&size_x,&size_y,&ri,&rs,&ss);
        if (err==7) {
          CImg<floatT>::vector((float)sn,(float)pixsize,(float)size_x,(float)size_y,ri,rs,ss,0).move_to(st_slices);
          unsigned int i; for (i = 0; i<st_global._width && sn<=st_global[i][2]; ++i) {}
          if (i==st_global._width) CImg<uintT>::vector(size_x,size_y,sn).move_to(st_global);
          else {
            CImg<uintT> &vec = st_global[i];
            if (size_x>vec[0]) vec[0] = size_x;
            if (size_y>vec[1]) vec[1] = size_y;
            vec[2] = sn;
          }
          st_slices[st_slices._width - 1][7] = (float)i;
        }
      } while (err==7);

      // Read data
      std::FILE *file2 = cimg::fopen(filenamerec,"rb");
      cimglist_for(st_global,l) {
        const CImg<uintT>& vec = st_global[l];
        CImg<T>(vec[0],vec[1],vec[2]).move_to(*this);
      }

      cimglist_for(st_slices,l) {
        const CImg<floatT>& vec = st_slices[l];
        const unsigned int
          sn = (unsigned int)vec[0] - 1,
          pixsize = (unsigned int)vec[1],
          size_x = (unsigned int)vec[2],
          size_y = (unsigned int)vec[3],